Green and Sustainable Cellular Base Stations: An Overview and
We review the architecture of the BS and the power consumption model, and then summarize the trends in green cellular network research over the past decade.
We review the architecture of the BS and the power consumption model, and then summarize the trends in green cellular network research over the past decade.
The green base station solution involves base station system architecture, base station form, power saving technologies, and application of green technologies. How much power does a
To understand this, we need to look closer at the base station power consumption characteristics (Figure 3). The model shows that there is significant energy consumption in the
While 5G offers much faster speed, massive connections and much lower latency, and would enable a much bigger variety of new applications for both people''s lives and vertical industries,
The power of the base station site is therefore the sum of the power consumed by the Fronthaul network, the backhaul network, air conditioning system (in the case of indoor
As global 5G deployments accelerate, communication base station energy consumption has surged by 300% compared to 4G infrastructure. Did you know a single 5G macro station now
The main power consuming components of a base station are categorized in the same manner by almost all the discussed models, though the parameters which scale the
The impact of the Base Stations comes from the combination of the power consumption of the equipment itself (up to 1500 Watts for a nowadays macro base station) multiplied by the
The power of the base station site is therefore the sum of the power consumed by the Fronthaul network, the backhaul network, air conditioning system (in the case of indoor
As network traffic increases, power consumption increases proportionally to the number of base stations. However, reducing the number of base stations may degrade network quality.
The main power consuming components of a base station are categorized in the same manner by almost all the discussed models, though the parameters which scale the
In cellular networks, about 60–80% of the total energy is absorbed by the BSs. In the case of low traffic also, the BSs consume 90% of their peak energy.
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This study presents an overview of sustainable and green cellular base stations (BSs), which account for most of the energy consumed in cellular networks. We review the architecture of the BS and the power consumption model, and then summarize the trends in green cellular network research over the past decade.
Furthermore, the base stations dominate the energy consumption of the radio access network. Therefore, it is reasonable to focus on the power consumption of the base stations first, while other aspects such as virtualization of compute in the 5G core or the energy consumption of user equipment should be considered at a later stage.
Parameters used for the evaluations with this cellular base station power model. The 5G NR standard has been designed based on the knowledge of the typical traffic activity in radio networks as well as the need to support sleep states in radio network equipment.
As the main components are common to most of the models, they can be easily combined to form a new model. Most of the base station power models are based on measurements of LTE (4G) hardware or theoretical assumptions. For the more recent models, based on measurements of 5G hardware, the parameter values are not publicly available.